Here are a bunch of small example programs that use Evy. All of these examples can be found in the examples directory of a source copy of Evy.
examples/webcrawler.py
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
This is a simple web "crawler" that fetches a bunch of urls using a pool to
control the number of outbound connections. It has as many simultaneously open
connections as coroutines in the pool.
The prints in the body of the fetch function are there to demonstrate that the
requests are truly made in parallel.
"""
urls = ["http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif",
"https://wiki.secondlife.com/w/images/secondlife.jpg",
"http://us.i1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/ww/beta/y3.gif"]
import evy
from evy.patched import urllib2
def fetch (url):
print "opening", url
body = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
print "done with", url
return url, body
pool = evy.GreenPool(200)
for url, body in pool.imap(fetch, urls):
print "got body from", url, "of length", len(body)
examples/wsgi.py
"""This is a simple example of running a wsgi application with evy.
For a more fully-featured server which supports multiple processes,
multiple threads, and graceful code reloading, see:
http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Spawning/
"""
import evy
from evy.web import wsgi
def hello_world (env, start_response):
if env['PATH_INFO'] != '/':
start_response('404 Not Found', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
return ['Not Found\r\n']
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
return ['Hello, World!\r\n']
wsgi.server(evy.listen(('', 8090)), hello_world)
examples/echoserver.py
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""\
Simple server that listens on port 6000 and echos back every input to
the client. To try out the server, start it up by running this file.
Connect to it with:
telnet localhost 6000
You terminate your connection by terminating telnet (typically Ctrl-]
and then 'quit')
"""
import evy
def handle (fd):
print "client connected"
while True:
# pass through every non-eof line
x = fd.readline()
if not x: break
fd.write(x)
fd.flush()
print "echoed", x,
print "client disconnected"
print "server socket listening on port 6000"
server = evy.listen(('0.0.0.0', 6000))
pool = evy.GreenPool()
while True:
try:
new_sock, address = server.accept()
print "accepted", address
pool.spawn_n(handle, new_sock.makefile('rw'))
except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
break
examples/connect.py
"""Spawn multiple workers and collect their results.
Demonstrates how to use the evy.patched.socket module.
"""
import evy
from evy.patched import socket
def geturl (url):
c = socket.socket()
ip = socket.gethostbyname(url)
c.connect((ip, 80))
print '%s connected' % url
c.sendall('GET /\r\n\r\n')
return c.recv(1024)
urls = ['www.google.com', 'www.yandex.ru', 'www.python.org']
pile = evy.GreenPile()
for x in urls:
pile.spawn(geturl, x)
# note that the pile acts as a collection of return values from the functions
# if any exceptions are raised by the function they'll get raised here
for url, result in zip(urls, pile):
print '%s: %s' % (url, repr(result)[:50])
examples/chat_server.py
This is a little different from the echo server, in that it broadcasts the messages to all participants, not just the sender.
import evy
from evy.patched import socket
PORT = 3001
participants = set()
def read_chat_forever (writer, reader):
line = reader.readline()
while line:
print "Chat:", line.strip()
for p in participants:
try:
if p is not writer: # Don't echo
p.write(line)
p.flush()
except socket.error, e:
# ignore broken pipes, they just mean the participant
# closed its connection already
if e[0] != 32:
raise
line = reader.readline()
participants.remove(writer)
print "Participant left chat."
try:
print "ChatServer starting up on port %s" % PORT
server = evy.listen(('0.0.0.0', PORT))
while True:
new_connection, address = server.accept()
print "Participant joined chat."
new_writer = new_connection.makefile('w')
participants.add(new_writer)
evy.spawn_n(read_chat_forever,
new_writer,
new_connection.makefile('r'))
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
print "ChatServer exiting."
examples/feedscraper.py
This example requires Feedparser to be installed or on the PYTHONPATH.
"""A simple web server that accepts POSTS containing a list of feed urls,
and returns the titles of those feeds.
"""
import evy
feedparser = evy.import_patched('feedparser')
# the pool provides a safety limit on our concurrency
pool = evy.GreenPool()
def fetch_title (url):
d = feedparser.parse(url)
return d.feed.get('title', '')
def app (environ, start_response):
if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] != 'POST':
start_response('403 Forbidden', [])
return []
# the pile collects the result of a concurrent operation -- in this case,
# the collection of feed titles
pile = evy.GreenPile(pool)
for line in environ['wsgi.input'].readlines():
url = line.strip()
if url:
pile.spawn(fetch_title, url)
# since the pile is an iterator over the results,
# you can use it in all sorts of great Pythonic ways
titles = '\n'.join(pile)
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-type', 'text/plain')])
return [titles]
if __name__ == '__main__':
from evy import wsgi
wsgi.server(evy.listen(('localhost', 9010)), app)
examples/forwarder.py
""" This is an incredibly simple port forwarder from port 7000 to 22 on
localhost. It calls a callback function when the socket is closed, to
demonstrate one way that you could start to do interesting things by
starting from a simple framework like this.
"""
import evy
def closed_callback ():
print "called back"
def forward (source, dest, cb = lambda: None):
"""Forwards bytes unidirectionally from source to dest"""
while True:
d = source.recv(32384)
if d == '':
cb()
break
dest.sendall(d)
listener = evy.listen(('localhost', 7000))
while True:
client, addr = listener.accept()
server = evy.connect(('localhost', 22))
# two unidirectional forwarders make a bidirectional one
evy.spawn_n(forward, client, server, closed_callback)
evy.spawn_n(forward, server, client)
examples/recursive_crawler.py
This is an example recursive web crawler that fetches linked pages from a seed url.
"""This is a recursive web crawler. Don't go pointing this at random sites;
it doesn't respect robots.txt and it is pretty brutal about how quickly it
fetches pages.
The code for this is very short; this is perhaps a good indication
that this is making the most effective use of the primitves at hand.
The fetch function does all the work of making http requests,
searching for new urls, and dispatching new fetches. The GreenPool
acts as sort of a job coordinator (and concurrency controller of
course).
"""
from __future__ import with_statement
from evy.patched import urllib2
import evy
import re
# http://daringfireball.net/2009/11/liberal_regex_for_matching_urls
url_regex = re.compile(r'\b(([\w-]+://?|www[.])[^\s()<>]+(?:\([\w\d]+\)|([^[:punct:]\s]|/)))')
def fetch (url, seen, pool):
"""Fetch a url, stick any found urls into the seen set, and
dispatch any new ones to the pool."""
print "fetching", url
data = ''
with evy.Timeout(5, False):
data = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
for url_match in url_regex.finditer(data):
new_url = url_match.group(0)
# only send requests to evy.net so as not to destroy the internet
if new_url not in seen and 'evy.net' in new_url:
seen.add(new_url)
# while this seems stack-recursive, it's actually not:
# spawned greenthreads start their own stacks
pool.spawn_n(fetch, new_url, seen, pool)
def crawl (start_url):
"""Recursively crawl starting from *start_url*. Returns a set of
urls that were found."""
pool = evy.GreenPool()
seen = set()
fetch(start_url, seen, pool)
pool.waitall()
return seen
seen = crawl("http://evy.net")
print "I saw these urls:"
print "\n".join(seen)
examples/producer_consumer.py
This is an example implementation of the producer/consumer pattern as well as being identical in functionality to the recursive web crawler.
"""This is a recursive web crawler. Don't go pointing this at random sites;
it doesn't respect robots.txt and it is pretty brutal about how quickly it
fetches pages.
This is a kind of "producer/consumer" example; the fetch function produces
jobs, and the GreenPool itself is the consumer, farming out work concurrently.
It's easier to write it this way rather than writing a standard consumer loop;
GreenPool handles any exceptions raised and arranges so that there's a set
number of "workers", so you don't have to write that tedious management code
yourself.
"""
from __future__ import with_statement
from evy.patched import urllib2
import evy
import re
# http://daringfireball.net/2009/11/liberal_regex_for_matching_urls
url_regex = re.compile(r'\b(([\w-]+://?|www[.])[^\s()<>]+(?:\([\w\d]+\)|([^[:punct:]\s]|/)))')
def fetch (url, outq):
"""Fetch a url and push any urls found into a queue."""
print "fetching", url
data = ''
with evy.Timeout(5, False):
data = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
for url_match in url_regex.finditer(data):
new_url = url_match.group(0)
outq.put(new_url)
def producer (start_url):
"""Recursively crawl starting from *start_url*. Returns a set of
urls that were found."""
pool = evy.GreenPool()
seen = set()
q = evy.Queue()
q.put(start_url)
# keep looping if there are new urls, or workers that may produce more urls
while True:
while not q.empty():
url = q.get()
# limit requests to evy.net so we don't crash all over the internet
if url not in seen and 'evy.net' in url:
seen.add(url)
pool.spawn_n(fetch, url, q)
pool.waitall()
if q.empty():
break
return seen
seen = producer("http://evy.net")
print "I saw these urls:"
print "\n".join(seen)
examples/websocket.py
This exercises some of the features of the websocket server implementation.
import evy
from evy.web import wsgi, websocket
# demo app
import os
import random
@websocket.WebSocketWSGI
def handle (ws):
""" This is the websocket handler function. Note that we
can dispatch based on path in here, too."""
if ws.path == '/echo':
while True:
m = ws.wait()
if m is None:
break
ws.send(m)
elif ws.path == '/data':
for i in xrange(10000):
ws.send("0 %s %s\n" % (i, random.random()))
evy.sleep(0.1)
def dispatch (environ, start_response):
""" This resolves to the web page or the websocket depending on
the path."""
if environ['PATH_INFO'] == '/data':
return handle(environ, start_response)
else:
start_response('200 OK', [('content-type', 'text/html')])
return [open(os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(__file__),
'websocket.html')).read()]
if __name__ == "__main__":
# run an example app from the command line
listener = evy.listen(('127.0.0.1', 7000))
print "\nVisit http://localhost:7000/ in your websocket-capable browser.\n"
wsgi.server(listener, dispatch)
examples/websocket_chat.py
This is a mashup of the websocket example and the multi-user chat example, showing how you can do the same sorts of things with websockets that you can do with regular sockets.
import os
import evy
from evy.web import wsgi, websocket
PORT = 7000
participants = set()
@websocket.WebSocketWSGI
def handle (ws):
participants.add(ws)
try:
while True:
m = ws.wait()
if m is None:
break
for p in participants:
p.send(m)
finally:
participants.remove(ws)
def dispatch (environ, start_response):
"""Resolves to the web page or the websocket depending on the path."""
if environ['PATH_INFO'] == '/chat':
return handle(environ, start_response)
else:
start_response('200 OK', [('content-type', 'text/html')])
html_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'websocket_chat.html')
return [open(html_path).read() % {'port': PORT}]
if __name__ == "__main__":
# run an example app from the command line
listener = evy.listen(('127.0.0.1', PORT))
print "\nVisit http://localhost:7000/ in your websocket-capable browser.\n"
wsgi.server(listener, dispatch)